Me, first I'd block the 2x10s above the beams, cover that framing with 2x6 decking, and then build a circular
atop that decking with a second layer of 2x6, laid flat, and cut to a 24' circle. Edge band that with 1/2" plywood. That would make your floor 3" thick. Stop drafts and bugs and be the worlds most solid wood yurt floor. lol I overkill everything. I just made ell brackets and attached to my low lath cross and to the deck with screws. Bombproof.
If you are thinking about floor panels, that's a good idea, but still really need to block the lower platform above the beams.
In my view, stacking floor framing atop floor framing isn't a good idea because of hingeing. Toenailing one set of framing set perpendicular to the next won't stop a hinge from developing. To stop hingeing block the 2x10 framing at the beams.
If you really wanna go with a second 2x4 frame atop the 2x10s just go for it. Ontario isn't earthquake country and the terrain your platform is sitting on is flat. Unless there is frost heaving you'll probably be fine.
As for outside platform circle detailing, block between the 2x4s at the outside edge once cut to finished length. Don't let any of the 2x4 platform framing stick out past the 24' diameter. Block between all outside cut edges. Deck with 2x6 and cut the flooring to the circle. Install the 1/2" band to the upper 2x6 circular decking, not the blocks. Since the flooring is curved the blocks don't need to be. That probably answers one of your questions.
You're doing good. Have fun.